Biologi noter

1 Sexologi og forplantning................................................................................................................. 3 Genetiske grundbegreber............................................................................................................. 3 Nedarvning af køn................................................................................................................... 3 Pige eller dreng?...................................................................................................................... 4 Kvindens kønsorganer ............................................................................................................. 4 Genetiske sygdomme .................................................................................................................. 4 Dominant arvning.................................................................................................................... 4 Recessiv nedarvning................................................................................................................ 5 Kønsbundet nedarvning........................................................................................................... 5 Hæmofili ............................................................................................................................. 5 Sukkesyge ........................................................................................................................... 5 Ungdomsdiabetes ............................................................................................................ 5 Alderdomsdiabetes .......................................................................................................... 6 Komplikationer............................................................................................................ 6 Behandling .................................................................................................................. 6 Cellen...................................................................................................................................... 6 Cellemembran og transportprocesser ................................................................................... 6 Passiv transport................................................................................................................ 6 Diffusion ......................................................................................................................... 7 Faciliteret diffusion.......................................................................................................... 7 Aktiv transport................................................................................................................. 7 Osmose............................................................................................................................ 7 Cellekernen ......................................................................................................................... 7 Mitokondrier ....................................................................................................................... 7 Grønkorn ............................................................................................................................. 8 Celledeling .......................................................................................................................... 8 Mitose ............................................................................................................................. 8 Meiose............................................................................................................................. 8 Kromosom – og hormonforandringer .......................................................................................... 9 Årsag til kromosomdefekter .................................................................................................... 9 Kromosomanalyser.................................................................................................................. 9 Fostervandsprøver ............................................................................................................... 9 Moderkageprøve.................................................................................................................. 9 Risiko............................................................................................................................ 10 Scanning med ultralyd ....................................................................................................... 10 Anvendelse af fosterdiagnostik ...................................................................................... 10 Kromosomafvigelser ............................................................................................................. 10 Medfødte stofskiftesygdomme............................................................................................... 10 Oversigt over afvigelser på kromosomerne............................................................................ 11 Fysiologi....................................................................................................................................... 11 Salmonellainfektion .................................................................................................................. 11 Kost og sygdom ........................................................................................................................ 12 Dødelighedsmønstre.............................................................................................................. 12 Kosten................................................................................................................................... 12 Kost og fordøjelse ..................................................................................................................... 13 Kulhydrater ....................................................................................................................... 13

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Biologi-noter

Monosakkarider............................................................................................................. 13 Dissakkarider................................................................................................................. 13 Polysakkarider............................................................................................................... 14 Proteiner............................................................................................................................ 14 Fedtstoffer ......................................................................................................................... 14 Vitaminer, mineraler og vand ............................................................................................ 14 Fordøjelsen............................................................................................................................ 14 Mad....................................................................................................................................... 15 Energibehov ...................................................................................................................... 15 Mad og motion .................................................................................................................. 16 Underernæring og overernæring ........................................................................................ 16 Kost og sygdomme............................................................................................................ 17 Sukkersyge .................................................................................................................... 17 Allergi ........................................................................................................................... 17 Spiseforstyrrelser........................................................................................................... 17 Kredsløbet............................................................................................................................. 18 Blodets kredsløb er et tostrenget system: ........................................................................... 18 Hjertet ............................................................................................................................... 19 Puls og blodtryk............................................................................................................. 19 Derfor taler man om to blodtryk:................................................................................ 19 Blodets sammensætning ................................................................................................ 20 Der findes 3 slags blodceller: ..................................................................................... 20 Røde blodlegemer ................................................................................................ 20 Hvide blodlegemer ............................................................................................... 20 Blodpladerne ........................................................................................................ 20 Lymfesystemet .......................................................................................................... 20 Åndedræt............................................................................................................................... 20 Luftvejene ......................................................................................................................... 21 Lungerne ........................................................................................................................... 21 Vejrtrækning ..................................................................................................................... 21 Udveksling af luftarter....................................................................................................... 21 Muskelsystemet..................................................................................................................... 21 Muskeltyper ...................................................................................................................... 21 Energiforhold .................................................................................................................... 22 Motion og idræt..................................................................................................................... 22 Økologi ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Planterne ............................................................................................................................... 23 Planteæderne ......................................................................................................................... 23 Rovdyr .................................................................................................................................. 24 Nedbryderne...................................................................................................................... 24 Fødekæde.............................................................................................................................. 24 Abiotiske faktorer.................................................................................................................. 24 Jord ................................................................................................................................... 24 Luft ................................................................................................................................... 25 Vand ................................................................................................................................. 25 Stofkredsløb .......................................................................................................................... 25 Kvælstofkredsløbet............................................................................................................ 25 Kvælstofbindingen ........................................................................................................ 25