There are still Welsh, Scots and Irish people who speak Celtic language, like what was spoken by the Celtic tribes who lived on the British islands two thousand years ago. Celtic has not had that big an influence on the English language.
Between the 4th and the 7th century the Anglo-Saxons conquered England and the southern Scotland; that was mainly the German tribes from North Germany and Denmark. The English, that is spoken today, has changed a lot during the last 1500 years, that the tribes who brought it to England would not understand it now. A lot of words are the same but it is pronounced and spelled different. The structure of the language was a lot different, much closer to Latin and German while modern English has a more simple grammar.
It is in the Anglo-Saxons period England moves on to the Christianity. It also means that the language gets a lot of loanwords from Latin, which was the church language.
The attack in 793 on the convent on the island Lindisfarne out of Northumberland is traditionally considered as the beginning of the Viking age in England, which ended with the Danish conquering of most of the country.
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